TPLO surgery for dogs: what it is, recovery, and what to expect

TPLO surgery is one of the most common ways to treat a torn cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) in dogs. It stabilizes the knee by changing the angles in the joint, not by replacing or repairing the ligament.

Recovery takes time and structure. The first few weeks focus on strict activity control and comfort, followed by gradual return to movement with guidance from your veterinary team.

If you’re considering TPLO, you’re likely trying to answer a tough question: Is this the right next step for my dog? This guide walks you through what the surgery does, when it’s recommended, and what recovery actually looks like at home. 

What TPLO surgery is and when it’s recommended

TPLO (tibial plateau leveling osteotomy) is a surgical procedure used to stabilize the knee after a CCL injury — what many pet parents call an ACL tear. 

Instead of repairing or replacing the torn ligament, TPLO changes the angle in the tibia so the knee no longer relies on the ligament for stability. TPLO also removes frayed pieces of the ligament that causes inflammation and addresses other structural damage that commonly occurs with CCL injury like meniscal tears. This allows many dogs to return to more comfortable, functional movement over time.

How TPLO stabilizes the knee

In a healthy knee, the CCL prevents the shin bone from sliding forward. When it’s torn, the joint becomes unstable, especially when weight-bearing.

TPLO works by making a cut in the lower thigh bone (tibia) and rotating it so that the upper thigh bone sits on a flatter surface. The change in angles helps replicate the stability of what the CCL used to provide. This reduces the forward sliding motion that contributes to pain and instability.

Other surgical options may try to mimic or support the ligament. TPLO focuses on changing the mechanics of the joint itself, which promotes long-term function.

Why dogs with CCL tears need TPLO

Our vets recommend TPLO surgery for CCL injuries as ongoing instability can lead to discomfort and joint changes over time.  CCL tears can severely limit your dog’s mobility and reduce their quality of life, especially if they’re a larger or more active breed. In some cases, non-surgical care or alternative procedures may be discussed as interim care. 

In recommending TPLO surgery as treatment, your veterinarian will consider your dog’s overall health, age, breed, and size. They’ll also discuss your ability to manage recovery at home to ensure optimal outcomes.  

What to expect before and during TPLO surgery

Once TPLO is recommended, the next step is making sure your dog is a good surgical candidate and that you feel prepared for what’s ahead. 

How veterinarians conduct the initial TPLO consultation

Diagnosis usually starts with a gait evaluation and sedated orthopedic exam. Your veterinarian will also recommend X-rays to assess the joint, rule out other issues, and plan the procedure. Bloodwork and infectious disease testing may also be recommended to eliminate other diagnoses and ensure your pet is healthy and ready for surgery.

They’ll also talk through:

• Whether the tear is partial or complete 

• Signs of meniscal injury 

• What recovery will realistically involve at home
  

This is a good time to ask questions, especially about the first few weeks after surgery. 

What happens during the TPLO procedure

TPLO is considered a major orthopedic surgery performed under full general anesthesia. Your dog will be closely monitored at all times for their safety and comfort. During the procedure:

• The joint is exposed and explored 

• Residual fragments of the torn ligament are removed 

• The other structures in the knee are assessed 

• The joint is carefully cleaned with sterile technique 

• The tibia is carefully cut and rotated into position, based on the plan and angles calculated from X-ray imaging 

• A metal plate and screws are used to stabilize the bone

After surgery, your veterinary team will continue to monitor your dog for several hours to ensure pain is appropriately controlled and that they wake up safely from anesthesia.

TPLO recovery timeline and home care

Recovery isn’t a straight line — it happens in phases that each take their own time, often over the course of 12+ weeks. The goal for recovery after TPLO is to protect healing while gradually rebuilding strength. 

Recovery phases: first 2 weeks to full activity 

Weeks 1–2: 

• Strict rest and controlled movement only 

• Pet parents should be with their dogs at all times 

• If leaving your dog home unsupervised is absolutely necessary, make sure they’re kenneled to restrict movement 

• E-collar/plastic cone must be on at all times 

• Short, slow leash walks for bathroom breaks 

• Focus on comfort and preventing slips or sudden movement 

• Introduction of guided exercises if recommended 
  

Weeks 3–8: 

• Gradual increase in weight-bearing 

• Longer controlled walks 

• Physical therapy exercises may increase according to recommendations 

• Progress exam at ~6 weeks to assess healing 

 Weeks 8–12+: 

• Continued strengthening 

• Exam at ~12 weeks with sedated X-rays to ensure full healing 

• Gradual return to normal activity as recommended 

Timeline to full recovery varies based on healing and your dog’s progress. Your veterinarian will adjust this plan based on rechecks and how your dog is doing. 

Provider insight 

“The first two weeks post-op is the most critical time period for both initial healing and for infection to form. I encourage my pet parents to take time off work, have a family member stay with them, or take other measures to help their dog be monitored 100% of the time.”

- Dr. Lauren Allison, Lovet Goodyear

How to set up your home and keep your dog safe 

Most of recovery comes down to preventing the movements that can disrupt healing:

• No running, jumping, or off-leash activity 

• Leashed walks should be short, calm, and predictable 

• Use rugs or mats on slippery floors 

• Block stairs or reintroduce them slowly with guidance 

• Use a crate, pen, or small room for controlled rest 

The role of rechecks and rehabilitation

Follow-up visits help your veterinarian track healing and adjust activity levels safely. Some dogs benefit from structured rehabilitation to rebuild strength and mobility. 

Avoid adding exercises on your own. Doing too much too soon is one of the most common setbacks for dogs post-surgery. 

Cost, risks, and long-term outcomes

This is often the section pet parents worry about most. Your vet will work with you to craft a care plan that meets your dog’s needs and your budget, so don’t be afraid to talk openly. At Lovet, we offer ways to pay over time — including payment plans with a 99% approval rate. 

What affects TPLO surgery cost

TPLO surgery is more than just the procedure. Total costs tend to vary depending on post-op care, which can be affected by:

• Your dog’s size and case complexity 

• Diagnostics and imaging 

• Anesthesia, monitoring, and surgical materials 

• Follow-up care and rehabilitation 

Risks and what a successful outcome looks like

Surgical procedures carry risks, including infection, bleeding, anesthesia complications, or delayed healing. Your veterinarian can explain what’s most relevant for your dog — and how they’re planning care around it. 
A successful outcome usually means:

• Improved comfort 

• Better use of the leg 

• Return to normal daily activities 
  
  

Not every dog returns to “perfect,” but many regain strong, functional mobility. 

Long-term joint health after TPLO 

Even with surgery, some dogs develop arthritis over time. Long-term support often includes: 

• Maintaining a healthy weight 

• Consistent, controlled exercise 

• Monitoring for changes in mobility and joint supplementation 
  
  

As many as 50% of dogs who tear one ligament will tear the other within one year, so early awareness and financial readiness are important. Rechecks and regular veterinary care can help catch arthritis and knee issues at their most treatable. 

Book your appointment today.

A CCL injury can be stressful for you and your dog. That’s why we make getting the right care easy. From same-day urgent care appointments to simple online scheduling, we’re here to help you get answers and care without added worry.

TPLO surgery FAQs

Will my dog need rehab after TPLO surgery? 

Many dogs benefit from structured rehabilitation to rebuild strength and improve mobility. Your veterinarian can recommend the right plan. 

Can my dog ride in the car during recovery? 

Yes, but movement should be limited. Use a crate or harness and carry them in and out to avoid jumping. 

What should the incision look like as it heals?

Mild swelling or bruising can be normal early on. Redness, discharge, or worsening appearance should be checked by your veterinarian. 

Can my dog swim after TPLO? 

Swimming may be introduced later in recovery, but only after the incision is healed and your veterinarian says it’s safe.

Is TPLO surgery worth it for dogs? 

TPLO can significantly improve comfort and mobility. The right choice depends on your dog’s specific condition and your goals for their quality of life.

How long does it take for a dog to fully recover from TPLO surgery?

Most dogs recover over 8–12 weeks, with continued improvement over several months.

Can a dog walk normally after TPLO surgery? 

Yes, many dogs return to normal walking and daily activity with proper recovery and follow-up care.

Is TPLO better than other ACL surgeries for dogs?

It depends on your dog’s size, activity level, and knee stability. TPLO is often recommended for larger or more active dogs because of how it stabilizes the joint. 

Disclaimer: Not intended to be a substitute for professional veterinarian advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your veterinarian with any questions you may have regarding the medical condition of your pet. If you think your pet has a medical emergency, call or visit your veterinarian or your local veterinary emergency hospital immediately.